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- COVER STORIES, Page 25BOSNIAHatred Ten Times Over
-
-
- The U.N.'s outgoing man in Sarajevo, General Lewis MacKenzie,
- is not optimistic
-
- By DANIEL BENJAMIN/NEW YORK and Lewis MacKenzie.
-
-
- Q. Sarajevo airport was shut down again this week. Has the
- U.N.'s authority in Sarajevo been exhausted?
-
- A. I've always said the agreement to protect the airport
- from ground attack was hanging by a very fine thread. When you
- start taking mortar fire on the bunkers our people are living
- in and on the tarmac, that is a serious escalation. Before, we
- were able to justify putting our finger in the flame despite
- fighting going on close to the airport. The odd round dropping
- short can be rationalized, but not when the airport is being
- directly targeted.
-
-
- Q. What do you think it would take to impose peace on
- Sarajevo itself?
-
- A. Well, from the tactical point of view, having to
- control and occupy and dominate all the features around Sarajevo
- and the city itself. Cities are famous for gobbling up
- soldiers. I haven't done the detailed analysis, but a figure of
- 75,000 would probably be modest, if there is resistance. And the
- resistance has to be handled 24 hours a day by people on the
- ground. Air power can assist, but it can't stop people from
- reoccupying positions.
-
-
- Q. That's assuming that the act of bringing in a large
- military force itself wouldn't have a powerful psychological
- impact.
-
- A. Yes. It's also presupposing that the peacemakers can
- stay for a long time. Because what happens when they leave?
- Everything goes back to the way it was because so much hate has
- been generated. And then you have a force that is isolated. You
- don't have secure communications. You're sitting in the middle
- of a very, very hilly country.
-
-
- Q. What would be the difference between an operation in
- Bosnia and the Gulf War?
-
- A. The same characteristic that dominates every military
- operation: the ground. In Desert Storm there was a relatively
- sophisticated infrastructure on which to develop your force.
- There were tremendous areas of land on which to put it together
- and to train and sort out problems -- and that took four months.
- Where are you going to do that in Bosnia?
-
-
- Q. You would not be able to wage tank warfare, as in the
- Middle East?
-
- A. No, you're talking infantry battles. You're talking
- about classic, classic guerrilla country.
-
-
- Q. Do you think the Serbs, Croats and Bosnian Muslims
- would fight in the face of a huge force?
-
- A. If I put myself in their shoes, there is no option. You
- are talking about backing the Serbs into a corner. And if you
- read history, it's not a very good idea. You're talking about
- an organization with a significant capacity to fight and with
- a significant amount of equipment. Serbia/Montenegro must be
- one of the most densely militarized areas of the world now.
-
-
- Q. To "pacify" all of Bosnia-Herzegovina, what size
- military operation would be needed ?
-
- A. Well, the Germans gave it a try with 30 divisions, and
- they weren't successful. A lot of people were killed. If there
- were resistance throughout Bosnia-Herzegovina and you had to
- occupy it, you could be talking up to 1 million troops.
-
-
- Q. Why not bomb artillery positions and send in helicopter
- gunships?
-
- A. You wouldn't be able to find all the weapons systems
- that are doing the damage. Mortars are the favored weapon in
- Bosnia, and they're hidden very easily and carried around in
- everything from school buses to cars. What's much more important
- is that if you do that, then the U.N. peacekeeping force is,
- whether it likes it or not, affiliated with the side not being
- attacked. Therefore you have sitting there 1,600 ((U.N.
- soldier)) hostages.
-
-
- Q. Can't you remove those troops in advance of any action?
-
- A. If you do, that's an indication something big is going
- to happen. So you've got yourself a very nice cul-de-sac,
- unless you're prepared to sacrifice 1,600 people. I wouldn't
- think that would be a particularly good idea.
-
-
- Q. Is there anything that would rapidly improve the
- situation in Bosnia?
-
- A. Yes -- and the presidency ((of Bosnia)) will hate to
- hear me say this: negotiations with the Serbian side within
- Bosnia. The presidency will not talk to the other side because
- they say this is a war of aggression controlled by Belgrade.
- They feel that if they start to talk, the status quo will be
- frozen, and they don't have a lot of territory. If you don't
- want to talk, then there's only one solution: one side wins, one
- side loses and a lot of people get killed in between. So my
- feeling is that pressure has to be brought to bear to get them
- to the table. The Serbs will talk any time, any place, at any
- level because they probably have what they want. It seems to me
- talking could get the Bosnian Muslims territory.
-
-
- Q. Is anyone in the different leaderships really calling
- the shots? Or is much of the fighting being driven at the grass
- roots by units that decide they just want to fire their mortars?
-
- A. You're absolutely right, there are large numbers of
- individuals and units that are out of control. But they are out
- of control within a defined chain of command. There's ample
- evidence of units operating on their own agenda -- today. Maybe
- tomorrow they'll operate on a common agenda. There are some
- individuals and small organizations in Sarajevo who are paid to
- kill. They get a bonus. Journalists are favorite targets in
- Sarajevo. There are no video games in Sarajevo, so the next best
- thing is to fire at a TV car going by.
-
-
- Q. Is the word genocide appropriate for Yugoslavia?
-
- A. I can't comment in detail on that because my mandate
- was limited to Sarajevo. However, let me assure you that I have a
- pound of paper for each hand of protests from one side accusing
- the other of running detention camps, concentration camps,
- prisoner-of-war camps.
-
-
- Q. You don't entirely blame the Serbs?
-
- A. When people ask me whom do you blame, I say, "Give me
- the day and the month, and I'll tell you." What the Serbs did
- three months ago was totally unacceptable: the city was
- bombarded, civilians were targeted. Today it is more complex.
- What we now see from the Bosnian presidency's side is that it's
- in their interest to keep the thing going and get the Serbs to
- retaliate in order to convince the international community that
- intervention is a good idea. So I blame both sides.
-
-
- Q. You have had nine peacekeeping tours in places like
- Gaza, Nicaragua and Cyprus. How does this compare?
-
- A. You can take the hate from all those previous tours and
- multiply by 10. I've never seen anything close to that. Even if
- only 10% of what each side accuses the other of doing is true,
- in the minds of the people it has grown to horrendous
- proportions. If the leadership said, "O.K., let's sit down and
- sort this thing out," I'm not sure whether people would accept
- that because there is so much hate for the other side. Really
- deep, gut-wrenching hate. Once you start calling them baby
- killers, pregnant-women killers, and talk about cooking babies,
- those are not good grounds for negotiations.
-
-
- Q. What difference did that make for your work?
-
- A. On any of those previous tours, when you brokered a
- deal, it was followed through. And if somebody along the line
- didn't follow through, they were put in their place. It's
- relatively easy to broker a deal in Bosnia. It's the execution
- that is impossible.
-
-
- Q. After your experience in Sarajevo, do you think there
- is still a clear line between peacekeeping and peacemaking?
-
- A. Yes, there is a clear line. It became cloudy in
- Sarajevo only because we went there with good intentions and
- then the war started, and that put us in an absolutely unique
- position.
-
- Peace imposition is war fighting. It's going in, taking on
- somebody and beating them. In order to use a peacekeeping force,
- you have to have a cease-fire. But we got ourselves into this
- bind by having a war start around us.
-
-
- Q. So you're a pessimist?
-
- A. I used to use the term guarded optimism, but I've
- dropped even that from my vocabulary. I still have hope. But I
- won't be optimistic until they start to talk.
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